The idea of a European Union in the 18th century

Visions of a unified Europe after 1815

Napoleon's Europe and the question of commercial union

The Greek War of Independence and its impact on European identity

Failed arguments for a European Union: 1919-1939

Post-war ideals and the political aftermath of World War II

de Gaulle's thinking on Europe and France's sovereignty

1989: Economic and cultural transformations in Eastern Europe

Private life behind the Berlin Wall in East Germany

The legacy of 1989 for Eastern Europe and the European Union

The European Union, a public fabric of private markets

The fragility of the European Union as a democracy of democracies

The future of European integration

New global powers, transnational order and exceptional measures