When we think about where cancer research and treatment is going, it’s hard to predict the future, but perhaps a guide is to look to the past. Each of these surges in the improvements in cancer outcome have been driven by technology. So, the development of high throughput sequencing led to personalised genomics, which is now an established part of cancer care. The development of immunotherapies based on exquisite understanding of how the immune system works and how it’s controlled, both positively and negatively, led to the development of immunotherapies that are now part of standard of care for melanoma, lung cancer patients and other patient subgroups.
Personalised therapy was in the 2000s, and immunotherapy came of age in the 2010s. I guess the question is, what will it be in the 2020s? If I had to bet on anything, I would say we’re entering a period of maturation of nucleic acid medicine – medicines that are based on DNA and RNA. We’re seeing it at the moment, in the development of vaccines to COVID. The Pfizer BioNTech and the Moderna vaccines are based on modified mRNA vaccines. That’s a really good example of a medicine that’s based not on proteins or on small molecule drugs, as we’ve had over the last decades, but now based on nucleic acids. So, I think technologies such as CRISPR, which allows us to read and write the code in really intricate ways, the development of synthetic mRNA and DNA medicines, and the delivery vectors for those, will really usher in a new phase for cancer medicine.